Voice leading is a fundamental skill in music theory, especially when working with seventh chords in inversions. Proper voice leading ensures smooth, logical harmonic progressions while avoiding awkward leaps and dissonances. In AP Music Theory, mastering this concept is crucial for writing and analyzing music effectively.
This guide will break down:
✔ What are seventh chords and their inversions?
✔ Voice leading rules for seventh chords
✔ Common resolutions and examples
✔ Tips for AP Music Theory success
Let’s dive in!
1. Understanding Seventh Chords and Inversions
A seventh chord is a four-note chord consisting of a triad plus a seventh interval. The most common types in tonal music are:
- Major 7th (MM7) – Major triad + major 7th
- Dominant 7th (Mm7) – Major triad + minor 7th
- Minor 7th (mm7) – Minor triad + minor 7th
- Half-Diminished 7th (ø7) – Diminished triad + minor 7th
- Fully Diminished 7th (°7) – Diminished triad + diminished 7th
Inversions of Seventh Chords
Since seventh chords have four notes, they can appear in three inversions:
| Inversion | Chord Symbol | Note Order (from bottom) |
|---|---|---|
| Root Position | 7 | Root – 3rd – 5th – 7th |
| First Inversion | 6/5 | 3rd – 5th – 7th – Root |
| Second Inversion | 4/3 | 5th – 7th – Root – 3rd |
| Third Inversion | 4/2 | 7th – Root – 3rd – 5th |
2. Voice Leading Rules for Seventh Chords
Proper voice leading ensures that each chord moves smoothly to the next. Here are the essential rules:
Rule 1: Resolve the 7th Down by Step
- The 7th of the chord (the added note) must resolve down by step to the next chord.
- Example: In V7 → I, the 7th (B in G7) resolves down to the 3rd of I (C in C major).
Rule 2: Resolve the Leading Tone Up (if Present)
- The leading tone (3rd of V7) should resolve up to the tonic (unless in an inner voice).
- Example: In V7 → I, the leading tone (B in G7) resolves to C in C major.
Rule 3: Avoid Parallel 5ths and Octaves
- Ensure no two voices move in parallel perfect 5ths or octaves.
Rule 4: Keep Common Tones & Smooth Motion
- If a note is shared between two chords, keep it in the same voice.
- Move other voices by step or small leaps when possible.
3. Examples of Seventh Chord Resolutions
Example 1: V7 → I in Root Position
- G7 (V7) → C (I)
- G (Root) → C (by 4th leap, acceptable)
- B (3rd, leading tone) → C (up by step)
- D (5th) → E or C (stepwise)
- F (7th) → E (down by step)
Example 2: V⁶₅ → I in First Inversion
- G7/B (V⁶₅) → C/E (I⁶)
- B (Bass, 3rd) → C (up by step)
- D (5th) → E (up by step)
- F (7th) → E (down by step)
- G (Root) → G (common tone)
4. Tips for AP Music Theory Success
✔ Practice writing progressions using inversions to strengthen voice leading.
✔ Memorize resolutions (V7 → I, ii7 → V7, etc.).
✔ Check for parallels (P5/P8) after writing.
✔ Use inversions for smoother bass lines (avoid excessive leaps).
Conclusion
Mastering voice leading with seventh chords in inversions is essential for AP Music Theory. By following these rules and practicing resolutions, you’ll create smooth, professional-sounding harmonic progressions.
Need more help? Check out our AP Music Theory study guides for in-depth explanations and exercises!
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