Unit 5 AP Music key points
Adding Predominant Function IV (iv) and ii (iio ) to a Melodic Phrase
 Cadences and Predominant Function
Unit 5 Summary: AP Music Theory – Full Explanation
If you’re preparing for the AP Music Theory exam, mastering Unit 5: Harmony and Voice Leading is crucial. This unit covers harmonic progression, cadences, voice leading, and part-writing rules—essential concepts for composing and analyzing music.
In this guide, we’ll break down Unit 5 in detail, providing explanations, examples, and study tips to help you succeed.
1. Harmonic Progression
Harmonic progression refers to the movement from one chord to another in a piece of music. In tonal music, chords follow predictable patterns that create a sense of direction.
Common Harmonic Progressions
- Tonic (I) → Predominant (IV or ii) → Dominant (V) → Tonic (I)
- Circle of Fifths Progression (e.g., vi → ii → V → I)
Rules of Harmonic Motion
- Stepwise or small leaps are preferred in voice leading.
- Avoid parallel fifths and octaves (two voices moving in the same perfect interval).
- Resolve the leading tone (7th scale degree) upward to the tonic.
2. Cadences
A cadence is a musical punctuation mark—a chord progression that signals the end of a phrase.
Types of Cadences
| Cadence Type | Chord Progression | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Authentic | V → I | Strong, conclusive |
| Plagal | IV → I | “Amen” cadence, softer resolution |
| Half | Ends on V | Incomplete, creates tension |
| Deceptive | V → vi | Unexpected resolution |
3. Voice Leading & Part-Writing Rules
Proper voice leading ensures smooth transitions between chords.
Key Rules
✔ Common Tone Retention – Keep the same note in the same voice if possible.
✔ Contrary Motion – Move voices in opposite directions for better independence.
✔ Avoid – Parallel 5ths/8ves, hidden (direct) 5ths/8ves, and voice crossing.
SATB Part-Writing Tips
- Soprano – Usually carries the melody.
- Alto & Tenor – Fill in inner harmonies.
- Bass – Provides the foundation (root or inversion of the chord).
4. Non-Chord Tones (NCTs)
Non-chord tones add melodic interest by temporarily straying from the harmony.
Common NCTs
- Passing Tone (PT) – Steps between two chord tones.
- Neighbor Tone (NT) – Steps away and back to the same note.
- Suspension (SUS) – Holds a note from the previous chord, then resolves down.
5. Practice Tips for Unit 5
- Analyze Bach Chorales – Great examples of proper voice leading.
- Write Progressions – Practice part-writing in SATB format.
- Identify Cadences – Listen to music and label cadence types.
FAQs
What is the most important rule in voice leading?
Avoiding parallel fifths and octaves is crucial for independent voice movement.
How do I recognize cadences?
Listen for the harmonic resolution—authentic cadences (V-I) sound final, while half cadences (ending on V) feel unfinished.
What’s the best way to practice harmonic progression?
Use a keyboard to play I-IV-V-I and ii-V-I progressions while singing or writing the voice parts.
Final Thoughts
Unit 5 in AP Music Theory is all about harmony, cadences, and voice leading. By mastering these concepts, you’ll improve your ability to analyze and compose music—essential skills for the exam.
Need more help? Check out our AP Music Theory practice tests and video tutorials for extra review
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