Mock Exam- EST Practice Literacy one (writing) with time

(8)The simple form of wooden press, worked with a screw by means of a movable bar, continued in use for about one hundred and fifty years, or until the early part of the seventeenth century, without any material change. The forms of type (9)have been
placed upon the same wooden and sometimes stone beds, incased in frames
called “coffins,” moved in and out laboriously by(10) hand, and after each
impression the platen had to be screwed up with the bar (11)although the
paper which had been printed upon it might be removed and hung up to dry.

(8)The simple form of wooden press, worked with a screw by means of a movable bar, continued in use for about one hundred and fifty years, or until the early part of the seventeenth century, without any material change. The forms of type (9)have been
placed upon the same wooden and sometimes stone beds, incased in frames
called “coffins,” moved in and out laboriously by(10) hand, and after each
impression the platen had to be screwed up with the bar (11)although the
paper which had been printed upon it might be removed and hung up to dry.

(8)The simple form of wooden press, worked with a screw by means of a movable bar, continued in use for about one hundred and fifty years, or until the early part of the seventeenth century, without any material change. The forms of type (9)have been
placed upon the same wooden and sometimes stone beds, incased in frames
called “coffins,” moved in and out laboriously by(10) hand, and after each
impression the platen had to be screwed up with the bar (11)although the
paper which had been printed upon it might be removed and hung up to dry.

(8)The simple form of wooden press, worked with a screw by means of a movable bar, continued in use for about one hundred and fifty years, or until the early part of the seventeenth century, without any material change. The forms of type (9)have been
placed upon the same wooden and sometimes stone beds, incased in frames
called “coffins,” moved in and out laboriously by(10) hand, and after each
impression the platen had to be screwed up with the bar (11)although the
paper which had been printed upon it might be removed and hung up to dry.

(8)The simple form of wooden press, worked with a screw by means of a movable bar, continued in use for about one hundred and fifty years, or until the early part of the seventeenth century, without any material change. The forms of type (9)have been
placed upon the same wooden and sometimes stone beds, incased in frames
called “coffins,” moved in and out laboriously by(10) hand, and after each
impression the platen had to be screwed up with the bar (11)although the
paper which had been printed upon it might be removed and hung up to dry.

(8)The simple form of wooden press, worked with a screw by means of a movable bar, continued in use for about one hundred and fifty years, or until the early part of the seventeenth century, without any material change. The forms of type (9)have been
placed upon the same wooden and sometimes stone beds, incased in frames
called “coffins,” moved in and out laboriously by(10) hand, and after each
impression the platen had to be screwed up with the bar (11)although the
paper which had been printed upon it might be removed and hung up to dry.

(8)The simple form of wooden press, worked with a screw by means of a movable bar, continued in use for about one hundred and fifty years, or until the early part of the seventeenth century, without any material change. The forms of type (9)have been
placed upon the same wooden and sometimes stone beds, incased in frames
called “coffins,” moved in and out laboriously by(10) hand, and after each
impression the platen had to be screwed up with the bar (11)although the
paper which had been printed upon it might be removed and hung up to dry.

(8)The simple form of wooden press, worked with a screw by means of a movable bar, continued in use for about one hundred and fifty years, or until the early part of the seventeenth century, without any material change. The forms of type (9)have been
placed upon the same wooden and sometimes stone beds, incased in frames
called “coffins,” moved in and out laboriously by(10) hand, and after each
impression the platen had to be screwed up with the bar (11)although the
paper which had been printed upon it might be removed and hung up to dry.

(8)The simple form of wooden press, worked with a screw by means of a movable bar, continued in use for about one hundred and fifty years, or until the early part of the seventeenth century, without any material change. The forms of type (9)have been
placed upon the same wooden and sometimes stone beds, incased in frames
called “coffins,” moved in and out laboriously by(10) hand, and after each
impression the platen had to be screwed up with the bar (11)although the
paper which had been printed upon it might be removed and hung up to dry.

(8)The simple form of wooden press, worked with a screw by means of a movable bar, continued in use for about one hundred and fifty years, or until the early part of the seventeenth century, without any material change. The forms of type (9)have been
placed upon the same wooden and sometimes stone beds, incased in frames
called “coffins,” moved in and out laboriously by(10) hand, and after each
impression the platen had to be screwed up with the bar (11)although the
paper which had been printed upon it might be removed and hung up to dry.

( The origin of men)

(12) Modern humans originated in Africa within the past 200,000 years and evolved from the now extinct Homo erectus. This is the story that to-day seems (13)most probable; from some center in southern Asia primitive human beings began to differentiate in two directions. Toward the south appeared the primitive Negro, long-headed and with flattened hair (14)follicle. He spread along southern Asia and passed over into Africa, where he survives to-day as the reddish dwarfs of the center and the Bushmen of South Africa.

Northward and eastward primitive man became broader headed and straight-haired and spread over eastern Asia, forming the Mongolian type.(15)through the intermingling of these two types , as some prefer to think, and by the direct prolongation of the original primitive man, a third intermediate type of human being appeared with hair and cranial measurement intermediate between the primitive Negro and Mongolian(16). All these three types of men intermingled their blood freely and developed variations according to climate and environment.

Other and older theories and legends of the origin and spread of mankind are of interest now only (17) so many human beings have believed them in the past. The biblical story of Shem, Ham, and Japheth retains the interest of a primitive myth

 with its measure of allegorical(18) truth, but has, of course, no historic basis.

(19)The older “Aryan” theory assumed the migration into Europe of one dominant Asiatic race of civilized conquerors, to whose blood and influence all modern culture was due. To this “white” race Semitic Asia, a large part of black Africa, and all Europe was supposed to belong. This “Aryan” theory has been practically abandoned in the light of recent research, and it (20)seem probable now that from the primitive Negroid stock evolved in Asia the Semites either by local variation or intermingling with other (21)stocks, later there developed the Mediterranean race, with Negroid characteristics, and the modern Negroes. The blue-eyed, light-haired Germanic people may have arisen as a modern variation of the mixed peoples produced by the mingling of Asiatic and African elements. The last word on this development (22)has not yet been said and there is still much to learn and explain; but it is certainly proved to-day beyond doubt that the so-called Hamites of Africa, the brown and black curly and frizzly-haired inhabitants of North and East Africa, are not “white” men if we draw the line between white and black in any logical way.

( The origin of men)

(12) Modern humans originated in Africa within the past 200,000 years and evolved from the now extinct Homo erectus. This is the story that to-day seems (13)most probable; from some center in southern Asia primitive human beings began to differentiate in two directions. Toward the south appeared the primitive Negro, long-headed and with flattened hair (14)follicle. He spread along southern Asia and passed over into Africa, where he survives to-day as the reddish dwarfs of the center and the Bushmen of South Africa.

Northward and eastward primitive man became broader headed and straight-haired and spread over eastern Asia, forming the Mongolian type.(15)through the intermingling of these two types , as some prefer to think, and by the direct prolongation of the original primitive man, a third intermediate type of human being appeared with hair and cranial measurement intermediate between the primitive Negro and Mongolian(16). All these three types of men intermingled their blood freely and developed variations according to climate and environment.

Other and older theories and legends of the origin and spread of mankind are of interest now only (17) so many human beings have believed them in the past. The biblical story of Shem, Ham, and Japheth retains the interest of a primitive myth

 with its measure of allegorical(18) truth, but has, of course, no historic basis.

(19)The older “Aryan” theory assumed the migration into Europe of one dominant Asiatic race of civilized conquerors, to whose blood and influence all modern culture was due. To this “white” race Semitic Asia, a large part of black Africa, and all Europe was supposed to belong. This “Aryan” theory has been practically abandoned in the light of recent research, and it (20)seem probable now that from the primitive Negroid stock evolved in Asia the Semites either by local variation or intermingling with other (21)stocks, later there developed the Mediterranean race, with Negroid characteristics, and the modern Negroes. The blue-eyed, light-haired Germanic people may have arisen as a modern variation of the mixed peoples produced by the mingling of Asiatic and African elements. The last word on this development (22)has not yet been said and there is still much to learn and explain; but it is certainly proved to-day beyond doubt that the so-called Hamites of Africa, the brown and black curly and frizzly-haired inhabitants of North and East Africa, are not “white” men if we draw the line between white and black in any logical way.

( The origin of men)

(12) Modern humans originated in Africa within the past 200,000 years and evolved from the now extinct Homo erectus. This is the story that to-day seems (13)most probable; from some center in southern Asia primitive human beings began to differentiate in two directions. Toward the south appeared the primitive Negro, long-headed and with flattened hair (14)follicle. He spread along southern Asia and passed over into Africa, where he survives to-day as the reddish dwarfs of the center and the Bushmen of South Africa.

Northward and eastward primitive man became broader headed and straight-haired and spread over eastern Asia, forming the Mongolian type.(15)through the intermingling of these two types , as some prefer to think, and by the direct prolongation of the original primitive man, a third intermediate type of human being appeared with hair and cranial measurement intermediate between the primitive Negro and Mongolian(16). All these three types of men intermingled their blood freely and developed variations according to climate and environment.

Other and older theories and legends of the origin and spread of mankind are of interest now only (17) so many human beings have believed them in the past. The biblical story of Shem, Ham, and Japheth retains the interest of a primitive myth

 with its measure of allegorical(18) truth, but has, of course, no historic basis.

(19)The older “Aryan” theory assumed the migration into Europe of one dominant Asiatic race of civilized conquerors, to whose blood and influence all modern culture was due. To this “white” race Semitic Asia, a large part of black Africa, and all Europe was supposed to belong. This “Aryan” theory has been practically abandoned in the light of recent research, and it (20)seem probable now that from the primitive Negroid stock evolved in Asia the Semites either by local variation or intermingling with other (21)stocks, later there developed the Mediterranean race, with Negroid characteristics, and the modern Negroes. The blue-eyed, light-haired Germanic people may have arisen as a modern variation of the mixed peoples produced by the mingling of Asiatic and African elements. The last word on this development (22)has not yet been said and there is still much to learn and explain; but it is certainly proved to-day beyond doubt that the so-called Hamites of Africa, the brown and black curly and frizzly-haired inhabitants of North and East Africa, are not “white” men if we draw the line between white and black in any logical way.

( The origin of men)

(12) Modern humans originated in Africa within the past 200,000 years and evolved from the now extinct Homo erectus. This is the story that to-day seems (13)most probable; from some center in southern Asia primitive human beings began to differentiate in two directions. Toward the south appeared the primitive Negro, long-headed and with flattened hair (14)follicle. He spread along southern Asia and passed over into Africa, where he survives to-day as the reddish dwarfs of the center and the Bushmen of South Africa.

Northward and eastward primitive man became broader headed and straight-haired and spread over eastern Asia, forming the Mongolian type.(15)through the intermingling of these two types , as some prefer to think, and by the direct prolongation of the original primitive man, a third intermediate type of human being appeared with hair and cranial measurement intermediate between the primitive Negro and Mongolian(16). All these three types of men intermingled their blood freely and developed variations according to climate and environment.

Other and older theories and legends of the origin and spread of mankind are of interest now only (17) so many human beings have believed them in the past. The biblical story of Shem, Ham, and Japheth retains the interest of a primitive myth

 with its measure of allegorical(18) truth, but has, of course, no historic basis.

(19)The older “Aryan” theory assumed the migration into Europe of one dominant Asiatic race of civilized conquerors, to whose blood and influence all modern culture was due. To this “white” race Semitic Asia, a large part of black Africa, and all Europe was supposed to belong. This “Aryan” theory has been practically abandoned in the light of recent research, and it (20)seem probable now that from the primitive Negroid stock evolved in Asia the Semites either by local variation or intermingling with other (21)stocks, later there developed the Mediterranean race, with Negroid characteristics, and the modern Negroes. The blue-eyed, light-haired Germanic people may have arisen as a modern variation of the mixed peoples produced by the mingling of Asiatic and African elements. The last word on this development (22)has not yet been said and there is still much to learn and explain; but it is certainly proved to-day beyond doubt that the so-called Hamites of Africa, the brown and black curly and frizzly-haired inhabitants of North and East Africa, are not “white” men if we draw the line between white and black in any logical way.

( The origin of men)

(12) Modern humans originated in Africa within the past 200,000 years and evolved from the now extinct Homo erectus. This is the story that to-day seems (13)most probable; from some center in southern Asia primitive human beings began to differentiate in two directions. Toward the south appeared the primitive Negro, long-headed and with flattened hair (14)follicle. He spread along southern Asia and passed over into Africa, where he survives to-day as the reddish dwarfs of the center and the Bushmen of South Africa.

Northward and eastward primitive man became broader headed and straight-haired and spread over eastern Asia, forming the Mongolian type.(15)through the intermingling of these two types , as some prefer to think, and by the direct prolongation of the original primitive man, a third intermediate type of human being appeared with hair and cranial measurement intermediate between the primitive Negro and Mongolian(16). All these three types of men intermingled their blood freely and developed variations according to climate and environment.

Other and older theories and legends of the origin and spread of mankind are of interest now only (17) so many human beings have believed them in the past. The biblical story of Shem, Ham, and Japheth retains the interest of a primitive myth

 with its measure of allegorical(18) truth, but has, of course, no historic basis.

(19)The older “Aryan” theory assumed the migration into Europe of one dominant Asiatic race of civilized conquerors, to whose blood and influence all modern culture was due. To this “white” race Semitic Asia, a large part of black Africa, and all Europe was supposed to belong. This “Aryan” theory has been practically abandoned in the light of recent research, and it (20)seem probable now that from the primitive Negroid stock evolved in Asia the Semites either by local variation or intermingling with other (21)stocks, later there developed the Mediterranean race, with Negroid characteristics, and the modern Negroes. The blue-eyed, light-haired Germanic people may have arisen as a modern variation of the mixed peoples produced by the mingling of Asiatic and African elements. The last word on this development (22)has not yet been said and there is still much to learn and explain; but it is certainly proved to-day beyond doubt that the so-called Hamites of Africa, the brown and black curly and frizzly-haired inhabitants of North and East Africa, are not “white” men if we draw the line between white and black in any logical way.

( The origin of men)

(12) Modern humans originated in Africa within the past 200,000 years and evolved from the now extinct Homo erectus. This is the story that to-day seems (13)most probable; from some center in southern Asia primitive human beings began to differentiate in two directions. Toward the south appeared the primitive Negro, long-headed and with flattened hair (14)follicle. He spread along southern Asia and passed over into Africa, where he survives to-day as the reddish dwarfs of the center and the Bushmen of South Africa.

Northward and eastward primitive man became broader headed and straight-haired and spread over eastern Asia, forming the Mongolian type.(15)through the intermingling of these two types , as some prefer to think, and by the direct prolongation of the original primitive man, a third intermediate type of human being appeared with hair and cranial measurement intermediate between the primitive Negro and Mongolian(16). All these three types of men intermingled their blood freely and developed variations according to climate and environment.

Other and older theories and legends of the origin and spread of mankind are of interest now only (17) so many human beings have believed them in the past. The biblical story of Shem, Ham, and Japheth retains the interest of a primitive myth

 with its measure of allegorical(18) truth, but has, of course, no historic basis.

(19)The older “Aryan” theory assumed the migration into Europe of one dominant Asiatic race of civilized conquerors, to whose blood and influence all modern culture was due. To this “white” race Semitic Asia, a large part of black Africa, and all Europe was supposed to belong. This “Aryan” theory has been practically abandoned in the light of recent research, and it (20)seem probable now that from the primitive Negroid stock evolved in Asia the Semites either by local variation or intermingling with other (21)stocks, later there developed the Mediterranean race, with Negroid characteristics, and the modern Negroes. The blue-eyed, light-haired Germanic people may have arisen as a modern variation of the mixed peoples produced by the mingling of Asiatic and African elements. The last word on this development (22)has not yet been said and there is still much to learn and explain; but it is certainly proved to-day beyond doubt that the so-called Hamites of Africa, the brown and black curly and frizzly-haired inhabitants of North and East Africa, are not “white” men if we draw the line between white and black in any logical way.

( The origin of men)

(12) Modern humans originated in Africa within the past 200,000 years and evolved from the now extinct Homo erectus. This is the story that to-day seems (13)most probable; from some center in southern Asia primitive human beings began to differentiate in two directions. Toward the south appeared the primitive Negro, long-headed and with flattened hair (14)follicle. He spread along southern Asia and passed over into Africa, where he survives to-day as the reddish dwarfs of the center and the Bushmen of South Africa.

Northward and eastward primitive man became broader headed and straight-haired and spread over eastern Asia, forming the Mongolian type.(15)through the intermingling of these two types , as some prefer to think, and by the direct prolongation of the original primitive man, a third intermediate type of human being appeared with hair and cranial measurement intermediate between the primitive Negro and Mongolian(16). All these three types of men intermingled their blood freely and developed variations according to climate and environment.

Other and older theories and legends of the origin and spread of mankind are of interest now only (17) so many human beings have believed them in the past. The biblical story of Shem, Ham, and Japheth retains the interest of a primitive myth

 with its measure of allegorical(18) truth, but has, of course, no historic basis.

(19)The older “Aryan” theory assumed the migration into Europe of one dominant Asiatic race of civilized conquerors, to whose blood and influence all modern culture was due. To this “white” race Semitic Asia, a large part of black Africa, and all Europe was supposed to belong. This “Aryan” theory has been practically abandoned in the light of recent research, and it (20)seem probable now that from the primitive Negroid stock evolved in Asia the Semites either by local variation or intermingling with other (21)stocks, later there developed the Mediterranean race, with Negroid characteristics, and the modern Negroes. The blue-eyed, light-haired Germanic people may have arisen as a modern variation of the mixed peoples produced by the mingling of Asiatic and African elements. The last word on this development (22)has not yet been said and there is still much to learn and explain; but it is certainly proved to-day beyond doubt that the so-called Hamites of Africa, the brown and black curly and frizzly-haired inhabitants of North and East Africa, are not “white” men if we draw the line between white and black in any logical way.

( The origin of men)

(12) Modern humans originated in Africa within the past 200,000 years and evolved from the now extinct Homo erectus. This is the story that to-day seems (13)most probable; from some center in southern Asia primitive human beings began to differentiate in two directions. Toward the south appeared the primitive Negro, long-headed and with flattened hair (14)follicle. He spread along southern Asia and passed over into Africa, where he survives to-day as the reddish dwarfs of the center and the Bushmen of South Africa.

Northward and eastward primitive man became broader headed and straight-haired and spread over eastern Asia, forming the Mongolian type.(15)through the intermingling of these two types , as some prefer to think, and by the direct prolongation of the original primitive man, a third intermediate type of human being appeared with hair and cranial measurement intermediate between the primitive Negro and Mongolian(16). All these three types of men intermingled their blood freely and developed variations according to climate and environment.

Other and older theories and legends of the origin and spread of mankind are of interest now only (17) so many human beings have believed them in the past. The biblical story of Shem, Ham, and Japheth retains the interest of a primitive myth

 with its measure of allegorical(18) truth, but has, of course, no historic basis.

(19)The older “Aryan” theory assumed the migration into Europe of one dominant Asiatic race of civilized conquerors, to whose blood and influence all modern culture was due. To this “white” race Semitic Asia, a large part of black Africa, and all Europe was supposed to belong. This “Aryan” theory has been practically abandoned in the light of recent research, and it (20)seem probable now that from the primitive Negroid stock evolved in Asia the Semites either by local variation or intermingling with other (21)stocks, later there developed the Mediterranean race, with Negroid characteristics, and the modern Negroes. The blue-eyed, light-haired Germanic people may have arisen as a modern variation of the mixed peoples produced by the mingling of Asiatic and African elements. The last word on this development (22)has not yet been said and there is still much to learn and explain; but it is certainly proved to-day beyond doubt that the so-called Hamites of Africa, the brown and black curly and frizzly-haired inhabitants of North and East Africa, are not “white” men if we draw the line between white and black in any logical way.

( The origin of men)

(12) Modern humans originated in Africa within the past 200,000 years and evolved from the now extinct Homo erectus. This is the story that to-day seems (13)most probable; from some center in southern Asia primitive human beings began to differentiate in two directions. Toward the south appeared the primitive Negro, long-headed and with flattened hair (14)follicle. He spread along southern Asia and passed over into Africa, where he survives to-day as the reddish dwarfs of the center and the Bushmen of South Africa.

Northward and eastward primitive man became broader headed and straight-haired and spread over eastern Asia, forming the Mongolian type.(15)through the intermingling of these two types , as some prefer to think, and by the direct prolongation of the original primitive man, a third intermediate type of human being appeared with hair and cranial measurement intermediate between the primitive Negro and Mongolian(16). All these three types of men intermingled their blood freely and developed variations according to climate and environment.

Other and older theories and legends of the origin and spread of mankind are of interest now only (17) so many human beings have believed them in the past. The biblical story of Shem, Ham, and Japheth retains the interest of a primitive myth

 with its measure of allegorical(18) truth, but has, of course, no historic basis.

(19)The older “Aryan” theory assumed the migration into Europe of one dominant Asiatic race of civilized conquerors, to whose blood and influence all modern culture was due. To this “white” race Semitic Asia, a large part of black Africa, and all Europe was supposed to belong. This “Aryan” theory has been practically abandoned in the light of recent research, and it (20)seem probable now that from the primitive Negroid stock evolved in Asia the Semites either by local variation or intermingling with other (21)stocks, later there developed the Mediterranean race, with Negroid characteristics, and the modern Negroes. The blue-eyed, light-haired Germanic people may have arisen as a modern variation of the mixed peoples produced by the mingling of Asiatic and African elements. The last word on this development (22)has not yet been said and there is still much to learn and explain; but it is certainly proved to-day beyond doubt that the so-called Hamites of Africa, the brown and black curly and frizzly-haired inhabitants of North and East Africa, are not “white” men if we draw the line between white and black in any logical way.

( The origin of men)

(12) Modern humans originated in Africa within the past 200,000 years and evolved from the now extinct Homo erectus. This is the story that to-day seems (13)most probable; from some center in southern Asia primitive human beings began to differentiate in two directions. Toward the south appeared the primitive Negro, long-headed and with flattened hair (14)follicle. He spread along southern Asia and passed over into Africa, where he survives to-day as the reddish dwarfs of the center and the Bushmen of South Africa.

Northward and eastward primitive man became broader headed and straight-haired and spread over eastern Asia, forming the Mongolian type.(15)through the intermingling of these two types , as some prefer to think, and by the direct prolongation of the original primitive man, a third intermediate type of human being appeared with hair and cranial measurement intermediate between the primitive Negro and Mongolian(16). All these three types of men intermingled their blood freely and developed variations according to climate and environment.

Other and older theories and legends of the origin and spread of mankind are of interest now only (17) so many human beings have believed them in the past. The biblical story of Shem, Ham, and Japheth retains the interest of a primitive myth

 with its measure of allegorical(18) truth, but has, of course, no historic basis.

(19)The older “Aryan” theory assumed the migration into Europe of one dominant Asiatic race of civilized conquerors, to whose blood and influence all modern culture was due. To this “white” race Semitic Asia, a large part of black Africa, and all Europe was supposed to belong. This “Aryan” theory has been practically abandoned in the light of recent research, and it (20)seem probable now that from the primitive Negroid stock evolved in Asia the Semites either by local variation or intermingling with other (21)stocks, later there developed the Mediterranean race, with Negroid characteristics, and the modern Negroes. The blue-eyed, light-haired Germanic people may have arisen as a modern variation of the mixed peoples produced by the mingling of Asiatic and African elements. The last word on this development (22)has not yet been said and there is still much to learn and explain; but it is certainly proved to-day beyond doubt that the so-called Hamites of Africa, the brown and black curly and frizzly-haired inhabitants of North and East Africa, are not “white” men if we draw the line between white and black in any logical way.

( The origin of men)

(12) Modern humans originated in Africa within the past 200,000 years and evolved from the now extinct Homo erectus. This is the story that to-day seems (13)most probable; from some center in southern Asia primitive human beings began to differentiate in two directions. Toward the south appeared the primitive Negro, long-headed and with flattened hair (14)follicle. He spread along southern Asia and passed over into Africa, where he survives to-day as the reddish dwarfs of the center and the Bushmen of South Africa.

Northward and eastward primitive man became broader headed and straight-haired and spread over eastern Asia, forming the Mongolian type.(15)through the intermingling of these two types , as some prefer to think, and by the direct prolongation of the original primitive man, a third intermediate type of human being appeared with hair and cranial measurement intermediate between the primitive Negro and Mongolian(16). All these three types of men intermingled their blood freely and developed variations according to climate and environment.

Other and older theories and legends of the origin and spread of mankind are of interest now only (17) so many human beings have believed them in the past. The biblical story of Shem, Ham, and Japheth retains the interest of a primitive myth

 with its measure of allegorical(18) truth, but has, of course, no historic basis.

(19)The older “Aryan” theory assumed the migration into Europe of one dominant Asiatic race of civilized conquerors, to whose blood and influence all modern culture was due. To this “white” race Semitic Asia, a large part of black Africa, and all Europe was supposed to belong. This “Aryan” theory has been practically abandoned in the light of recent research, and it (20)seem probable now that from the primitive Negroid stock evolved in Asia the Semites either by local variation or intermingling with other (21)stocks, later there developed the Mediterranean race, with Negroid characteristics, and the modern Negroes. The blue-eyed, light-haired Germanic people may have arisen as a modern variation of the mixed peoples produced by the mingling of Asiatic and African elements. The last word on this development (22)has not yet been saidand there is still much to learn and explain; but it is certainly proved to-day beyond doubt that the so-called Hamites of Africa, the brown and black curly and frizzly-haired inhabitants of North and East Africa, are not “white” men if we draw the line between white and black in any logical way.

(sea side sparrow questions 22-33)

[1]The Seaside Sparrow is restricted to the Gulf- and Atlantic-coasts of North America, breeding north to Massachusetts.[2] The Sharp-tailed Sparrow breeds south to North Carolina.[3] The overlap of the breeding ranges of the two species is therefore small. [4](23)Furthermore the forms breeding in the coastal states are restricted to tidal marshes, and the geographically peripheral colonies of each species are small.[5] Irregular nesting is the case for the northernmost colonies of the Seaside Sparrow, on Cape Cod (Griscom, 1944:317), and the same is probably true for the colonies of the Sharp-tailed Sparrow on Pea Island, North Carolina, as indicated by Montagna’s failure to locate any breeding birds in July, 1941 (Montagna, 1942b: 256). The center of overlap of the ranges of the two species(24) is in New Jersey where (25)either forms are abundant or can best be studied comparatively.

(26)Their breeding habitat is salt marshes on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from southern New Hampshire to southern Texas. The nest is an open cup usually built in the salt marsh on tidal reeds and spartina grasses. Females lay two to five eggs. Northern birds most often migrate farther south along the eastern coast of the (27)United States. They forage on the ground or in marsh vegetation, sometimes probing in mud.

 They mainly eat insects, marine invertebrates and seeds.

 (28)Their feeding areas are often some distance away from the areas they choose to nest. The song is a raspy buzz that closely resembles a distant red-winged blackbird.

(29)specifically, the dusky seaside sparrow (A. m. nigrescens), has recently become extinct, and the Cape Sable subspecies, (30)A.m. mirabilis and is endangered. Occurring in a restricted range but of uncertain validity is Scott’s seaside sparrow(30), (A. m. peninsulae). The small isolated population that near Corpus Christi, Texas, south to the Rio Grande and sennetti subspecies may also have risk to endangered, those were formerly considered a separate species.

Adults have brownish upperparts with gray on the crown and nape, and a grayish-buff-colored breast with dark (31)streaks. They have a dark face with gray cheeks, a white throat, and a short, pointed tail. Birds show a small yellow streak just above the eye.(32) A typical seaside sparrow lifespan in 8 to 9 years of maximum. The oldest record of seaside sparrow was an individual male which was at least 10 years old when recaptured and re-released during the(33) mixed operations in South Carolina.

(sea side sparrow questions 22-33)

[1]The Seaside Sparrow is restricted to the Gulf- and Atlantic-coasts of North America, breeding north to Massachusetts.[2] The Sharp-tailed Sparrow breeds south to North Carolina.[3] The overlap of the breeding ranges of the two species is therefore small. [4](23)Furthermore the forms breeding in the coastal states are restricted to tidal marshes, and the geographically peripheral colonies of each species are small.[5] Irregular nesting is the case for the northernmost colonies of the Seaside Sparrow, on Cape Cod (Griscom, 1944:317), and the same is probably true for the colonies of the Sharp-tailed Sparrow on Pea Island, North Carolina, as indicated by Montagna’s failure to locate any breeding birds in July, 1941 (Montagna, 1942b: 256). The center of overlap of the ranges of the two species(24) is in New Jersey where (25)either forms are abundant or can best be studied comparatively.

(26)Their breeding habitat is salt marshes on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from southern New Hampshire to southern Texas. The nest is an open cup usually built in the salt marsh on tidal reeds and spartina grasses. Females lay two to five eggs. Northern birds most often migrate farther south along the eastern coast of the (27)United States. They forage on the ground or in marsh vegetation, sometimes probing in mud.

 They mainly eat insects, marine invertebrates and seeds.

 (28)Their feeding areas are often some distance away from the areas they choose to nest. The song is a raspy buzz that closely resembles a distant red-winged blackbird.

(29)specifically, the dusky seaside sparrow (A. m. nigrescens), has recently become extinct, and the Cape Sable subspecies, (30)A.m. mirabilis and is endangered. Occurring in a restricted range but of uncertain validity is Scott’s seaside sparrow(30), (A. m. peninsulae). The small isolated population that near Corpus Christi, Texas, south to the Rio Grande and sennetti subspecies may also have risk to endangered, those were formerly considered a separate species.

Adults have brownish upperparts with gray on the crown and nape, and a grayish-buff-colored breast with dark (31)streaks. They have a dark face with gray cheeks, a white throat, and a short, pointed tail. Birds show a small yellow streak just above the eye.(32) A typical seaside sparrow lifespan in 8 to 9 years of maximum. The oldest record of seaside sparrow was an individual male which was at least 10 years old when recaptured and re-released during the(33) mixed operations in South Carolina.

(sea side sparrow questions 22-33)

[1]The Seaside Sparrow is restricted to the Gulf- and Atlantic-coasts of North America, breeding north to Massachusetts.[2] The Sharp-tailed Sparrow breeds south to North Carolina.[3] The overlap of the breeding ranges of the two species is therefore small. [4](23)Furthermore the forms breeding in the coastal states are restricted to tidal marshes, and the geographically peripheral colonies of each species are small.[5] Irregular nesting is the case for the northernmost colonies of the Seaside Sparrow, on Cape Cod (Griscom, 1944:317), and the same is probably true for the colonies of the Sharp-tailed Sparrow on Pea Island, North Carolina, as indicated by Montagna’s failure to locate any breeding birds in July, 1941 (Montagna, 1942b: 256). The center of overlap of the ranges of the two species(24) is in New Jersey where (25)either forms are abundant or can best be studied comparatively.

(26)Their breeding habitat is salt marshes on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from southern New Hampshire to southern Texas. The nest is an open cup usually built in the salt marsh on tidal reeds and spartina grasses. Females lay two to five eggs. Northern birds most often migrate farther south along the eastern coast of the (27)United States. They forage on the ground or in marsh vegetation, sometimes probing in mud.

 They mainly eat insects, marine invertebrates and seeds.

 (28)Their feeding areas are often some distance away from the areas they choose to nest. The song is a raspy buzz that closely resembles a distant red-winged blackbird.

(29)specifically, the dusky seaside sparrow (A. m. nigrescens), has recently become extinct, and the Cape Sable subspecies, (30)A.m. mirabilis and is endangered. Occurring in a restricted range but of uncertain validity is Scott’s seaside sparrow(30), (A. m. peninsulae). The small isolated population that near Corpus Christi, Texas, south to the Rio Grande and sennetti subspecies may also have risk to endangered, those were formerly considered a separate species.

Adults have brownish upperparts with gray on the crown and nape, and a grayish-buff-colored breast with dark (31)streaks. They have a dark face with gray cheeks, a white throat, and a short, pointed tail. Birds show a small yellow streak just above the eye.(32) A typical seaside sparrow lifespan in 8 to 9 years of maximum. The oldest record of seaside sparrow was an individual male which was at least 10 years old when recaptured and re-released during the(33) mixed operations in South Carolina.

(sea side sparrow questions 22-33)

[1]The Seaside Sparrow is restricted to the Gulf- and Atlantic-coasts of North America, breeding north to Massachusetts.[2] The Sharp-tailed Sparrow breeds south to North Carolina.[3] The overlap of the breeding ranges of the two species is therefore small. [4](23)Furthermore the forms breeding in the coastal states are restricted to tidal marshes, and the geographically peripheral colonies of each species are small.[5] Irregular nesting is the case for the northernmost colonies of the Seaside Sparrow, on Cape Cod (Griscom, 1944:317), and the same is probably true for the colonies of the Sharp-tailed Sparrow on Pea Island, North Carolina, as indicated by Montagna’s failure to locate any breeding birds in July, 1941 (Montagna, 1942b: 256). The center of overlap of the ranges of the two species(24) is in New Jersey where (25)either forms are abundant or can best be studied comparatively.

(26)Their breeding habitat is salt marshes on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from southern New Hampshire to southern Texas. The nest is an open cup usually built in the salt marsh on tidal reeds and spartina grasses. Females lay two to five eggs. Northern birds most often migrate farther south along the eastern coast of the (27)United States. They forage on the ground or in marsh vegetation, sometimes probing in mud.

 They mainly eat insects, marine invertebrates and seeds.

 (28)Their feeding areas are often some distance away from the areas they choose to nest. The song is a raspy buzz that closely resembles a distant red-winged blackbird.

(29)specifically, the dusky seaside sparrow (A. m. nigrescens), has recently become extinct, and the Cape Sable subspecies, (30)A.m. mirabilis and is endangered. Occurring in a restricted range but of uncertain validity is Scott’s seaside sparrow(30), (A. m. peninsulae). The small isolated population that near Corpus Christi, Texas, south to the Rio Grande and sennetti subspecies may also have risk to endangered, those were formerly considered a separate species.

Adults have brownish upperparts with gray on the crown and nape, and a grayish-buff-colored breast with dark (31)streaks. They have a dark face with gray cheeks, a white throat, and a short, pointed tail. Birds show a small yellow streak just above the eye.(32) A typical seaside sparrow lifespan in 8 to 9 years of maximum. The oldest record of seaside sparrow was an individual male which was at least 10 years old when recaptured and re-released during the(33) mixed operations in South Carolina.

(sea side sparrow questions 22-33)

[1]The Seaside Sparrow is restricted to the Gulf- and Atlantic-coasts of North America, breeding north to Massachusetts.[2] The Sharp-tailed Sparrow breeds south to North Carolina.[3] The overlap of the breeding ranges of the two species is therefore small. [4](23)Furthermore the forms breeding in the coastal states are restricted to tidal marshes, and the geographically peripheral colonies of each species are small.[5] Irregular nesting is the case for the northernmost colonies of the Seaside Sparrow, on Cape Cod (Griscom, 1944:317), and the same is probably true for the colonies of the Sharp-tailed Sparrow on Pea Island, North Carolina, as indicated by Montagna’s failure to locate any breeding birds in July, 1941 (Montagna, 1942b: 256). The center of overlap of the ranges of the two species(24) is in New Jersey where (25)either forms are abundant or can best be studied comparatively.

(26)Their breeding habitat is salt marshes on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from southern New Hampshire to southern Texas. The nest is an open cup usually built in the salt marsh on tidal reeds and spartina grasses. Females lay two to five eggs. Northern birds most often migrate farther south along the eastern coast of the (27)United States. They forage on the ground or in marsh vegetation, sometimes probing in mud.

 They mainly eat insects, marine invertebrates and seeds.

 (28)Their feeding areas are often some distance away from the areas they choose to nest. The song is a raspy buzz that closely resembles a distant red-winged blackbird.

(29)specifically, the dusky seaside sparrow (A. m. nigrescens), has recently become extinct, and the Cape Sable subspecies, (30)A.m. mirabilis and is endangered. Occurring in a restricted range but of uncertain validity is Scott’s seaside sparrow(30), (A. m. peninsulae). The small isolated population that near Corpus Christi, Texas, south to the Rio Grande and sennetti subspecies may also have risk to endangered, those were formerly considered a separate species.

Adults have brownish upperparts with gray on the crown and nape, and a grayish-buff-colored breast with dark (31)streaks. They have a dark face with gray cheeks, a white throat, and a short, pointed tail. Birds show a small yellow streak just above the eye.(32) A typical seaside sparrow lifespan in 8 to 9 years of maximum. The oldest record of seaside sparrow was an individual male which was at least 10 years old when recaptured and re-released during the(33) mixed operations in South Carolina.

(sea side sparrow questions 22-33)

[1]The Seaside Sparrow is restricted to the Gulf- and Atlantic-coasts of North America, breeding north to Massachusetts.[2] The Sharp-tailed Sparrow breeds south to North Carolina.[3] The overlap of the breeding ranges of the two species is therefore small. [4](23)Furthermore the forms breeding in the coastal states are restricted to tidal marshes, and the geographically peripheral colonies of each species are small.[5] Irregular nesting is the case for the northernmost colonies of the Seaside Sparrow, on Cape Cod (Griscom, 1944:317), and the same is probably true for the colonies of the Sharp-tailed Sparrow on Pea Island, North Carolina, as indicated by Montagna’s failure to locate any breeding birds in July, 1941 (Montagna, 1942b: 256). The center of overlap of the ranges of the two species(24) is in New Jersey where (25)either forms are abundant or can best be studied comparatively.

(26)Their breeding habitat is salt marshes on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from southern New Hampshire to southern Texas. The nest is an open cup usually built in the salt marsh on tidal reeds and spartina grasses. Females lay two to five eggs. Northern birds most often migrate farther south along the eastern coast of the (27)United States. They forage on the ground or in marsh vegetation, sometimes probing in mud.

 They mainly eat insects, marine invertebrates and seeds.

 (28)Their feeding areas are often some distance away from the areas they choose to nest. The song is a raspy buzz that closely resembles a distant red-winged blackbird.

(29)specifically, the dusky seaside sparrow (A. m. nigrescens), has recently become extinct, and the Cape Sable subspecies, (30)A.m. mirabilis and is endangered. Occurring in a restricted range but of uncertain validity is Scott’s seaside sparrow(30), (A. m. peninsulae). The small isolated population that near Corpus Christi, Texas, south to the Rio Grande and sennetti subspecies may also have risk to endangered, those were formerly considered a separate species.

Adults have brownish upperparts with gray on the crown and nape, and a grayish-buff-colored breast with dark (31)streaks. They have a dark face with gray cheeks, a white throat, and a short, pointed tail. Birds show a small yellow streak just above the eye.(32) A typical seaside sparrow lifespan in 8 to 9 years of maximum. The oldest record of seaside sparrow was an individual male which was at least 10 years old when recaptured and re-released during the(33) mixed operations in South Carolina.

(sea side sparrow questions 22-33)

[1]The Seaside Sparrow is restricted to the Gulf- and Atlantic-coasts of North America, breeding north to Massachusetts.[2] The Sharp-tailed Sparrow breeds south to North Carolina.[3] The overlap of the breeding ranges of the two species is therefore small. [4](23)Furthermore the forms breeding in the coastal states are restricted to tidal marshes, and the geographically peripheral colonies of each species are small.[5] Irregular nesting is the case for the northernmost colonies of the Seaside Sparrow, on Cape Cod (Griscom, 1944:317), and the same is probably true for the colonies of the Sharp-tailed Sparrow on Pea Island, North Carolina, as indicated by Montagna’s failure to locate any breeding birds in July, 1941 (Montagna, 1942b: 256). The center of overlap of the ranges of the two species(24) is in New Jersey where (25)either forms are abundant or can best be studied comparatively.

(26)Their breeding habitat is salt marshes on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from southern New Hampshire to southern Texas. The nest is an open cup usually built in the salt marsh on tidal reeds and spartina grasses. Females lay two to five eggs. Northern birds most often migrate farther south along the eastern coast of the (27)United States. They forage on the ground or in marsh vegetation, sometimes probing in mud.

 They mainly eat insects, marine invertebrates and seeds.

 (28)Their feeding areas are often some distance away from the areas they choose to nest. The song is a raspy buzz that closely resembles a distant red-winged blackbird.

(29)specifically, the dusky seaside sparrow (A. m. nigrescens), has recently become extinct, and the Cape Sable subspecies, (30)A.m. mirabilis and is endangered. Occurring in a restricted range but of uncertain validity is Scott’s seaside sparrow(30), (A. m. peninsulae). The small isolated population that near Corpus Christi, Texas, south to the Rio Grande and sennetti subspecies may also have risk to endangered, those were formerly considered a separate species.

Adults have brownish upperparts with gray on the crown and nape, and a grayish-buff-colored breast with dark (31)streaks. They have a dark face with gray cheeks, a white throat, and a short, pointed tail. Birds show a small yellow streak just above the eye.(32) A typical seaside sparrow lifespan in 8 to 9 years of maximum. The oldest record of seaside sparrow was an individual male which was at least 10 years old when recaptured and re-released during the(33) mixed operations in South Carolina.

(sea side sparrow questions 22-33)

[1]The Seaside Sparrow is restricted to the Gulf- and Atlantic-coasts of North America, breeding north to Massachusetts.[2] The Sharp-tailed Sparrow breeds south to North Carolina.[3] The overlap of the breeding ranges of the two species is therefore small. [4](23)Furthermore the forms breeding in the coastal states are restricted to tidal marshes, and the geographically peripheral colonies of each species are small.[5] Irregular nesting is the case for the northernmost colonies of the Seaside Sparrow, on Cape Cod (Griscom, 1944:317), and the same is probably true for the colonies of the Sharp-tailed Sparrow on Pea Island, North Carolina, as indicated by Montagna’s failure to locate any breeding birds in July, 1941 (Montagna, 1942b: 256). The center of overlap of the ranges of the two species(24) is in New Jersey where (25)either forms are abundant or can best be studied comparatively.

(26)Their breeding habitat is salt marshes on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from southern New Hampshire to southern Texas. The nest is an open cup usually built in the salt marsh on tidal reeds and spartina grasses. Females lay two to five eggs. Northern birds most often migrate farther south along the eastern coast of the (27)United States. They forage on the ground or in marsh vegetation, sometimes probing in mud.

 They mainly eat insects, marine invertebrates and seeds.

 (28)Their feeding areas are often some distance away from the areas they choose to nest. The song is a raspy buzz that closely resembles a distant red-winged blackbird.

(29)specifically, the dusky seaside sparrow (A. m. nigrescens), has recently become extinct, and the Cape Sable subspecies, (30)A.m. mirabilis and is endangered. Occurring in a restricted range but of uncertain validity is Scott’s seaside sparrow(30), (A. m. peninsulae). The small isolated population that near Corpus Christi, Texas, south to the Rio Grande and sennetti subspecies may also have risk to endangered, those were formerly considered a separate species.

Adults have brownish upperparts with gray on the crown and nape, and a grayish-buff-colored breast with dark (31)streaks. They have a dark face with gray cheeks, a white throat, and a short, pointed tail. Birds show a small yellow streak just above the eye.(32) A typical seaside sparrow lifespan in 8 to 9 years of maximum. The oldest record of seaside sparrow was an individual male which was at least 10 years old when recaptured and re-released during the(33) mixed operations in South Carolina.

(sea side sparrow questions 22-33)

[1]The Seaside Sparrow is restricted to the Gulf- and Atlantic-coasts of North America, breeding north to Massachusetts.[2] The Sharp-tailed Sparrow breeds south to North Carolina.[3] The overlap of the breeding ranges of the two species is therefore small. [4](23)Furthermore the forms breeding in the coastal states are restricted to tidal marshes, and the geographically peripheral colonies of each species are small.[5] Irregular nesting is the case for the northernmost colonies of the Seaside Sparrow, on Cape Cod (Griscom, 1944:317), and the same is probably true for the colonies of the Sharp-tailed Sparrow on Pea Island, North Carolina, as indicated by Montagna’s failure to locate any breeding birds in July, 1941 (Montagna, 1942b: 256). The center of overlap of the ranges of the two species(24) is in New Jersey where (25)either forms are abundant or can best be studied comparatively.

(26)Their breeding habitat is salt marshes on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from southern New Hampshire to southern Texas. The nest is an open cup usually built in the salt marsh on tidal reeds and spartina grasses. Females lay two to five eggs. Northern birds most often migrate farther south along the eastern coast of the (27)United States. They forage on the ground or in marsh vegetation, sometimes probing in mud.

 They mainly eat insects, marine invertebrates and seeds.

 (28)Their feeding areas are often some distance away from the areas they choose to nest. The song is a raspy buzz that closely resembles a distant red-winged blackbird.

(29)specifically, the dusky seaside sparrow (A. m. nigrescens), has recently become extinct, and the Cape Sable subspecies, (30)A.m. mirabilis and is endangered. Occurring in a restricted range but of uncertain validity is Scott’s seaside sparrow(30), (A. m. peninsulae). The small isolated population that near Corpus Christi, Texas, south to the Rio Grande and sennetti subspecies may also have risk to endangered, those were formerly considered a separate species.

Adults have brownish upperparts with gray on the crown and nape, and a grayish-buff-colored breast with dark (31)streaks. They have a dark face with gray cheeks, a white throat, and a short, pointed tail. Birds show a small yellow streak just above the eye.(32) A typical seaside sparrow lifespan in 8 to 9 years of maximum. The oldest record of seaside sparrow was an individual male which was at least 10 years old when recaptured and re-released during the(33) mixed operations in South Carolina.

(sea side sparrow questions 22-33)

[1]The Seaside Sparrow is restricted to the Gulf- and Atlantic-coasts of North America, breeding north to Massachusetts.[2] The Sharp-tailed Sparrow breeds south to North Carolina.[3] The overlap of the breeding ranges of the two species is therefore small. [4](23)Furthermore the forms breeding in the coastal states are restricted to tidal marshes, and the geographically peripheral colonies of each species are small.[5] Irregular nesting is the case for the northernmost colonies of the Seaside Sparrow, on Cape Cod (Griscom, 1944:317), and the same is probably true for the colonies of the Sharp-tailed Sparrow on Pea Island, North Carolina, as indicated by Montagna’s failure to locate any breeding birds in July, 1941 (Montagna, 1942b: 256). The center of overlap of the ranges of the two species(24) is in New Jersey where (25)either forms are abundant or can best be studied comparatively.

(26)Their breeding habitat is salt marshes on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from southern New Hampshire to southern Texas. The nest is an open cup usually built in the salt marsh on tidal reeds and spartina grasses. Females lay two to five eggs. Northern birds most often migrate farther south along the eastern coast of the (27)United States. They forage on the ground or in marsh vegetation, sometimes probing in mud.

 They mainly eat insects, marine invertebrates and seeds.

 (28)Their feeding areas are often some distance away from the areas they choose to nest. The song is a raspy buzz that closely resembles a distant red-winged blackbird.

(29)specifically, the dusky seaside sparrow (A. m. nigrescens), has recently become extinct, and the Cape Sable subspecies, (30)A.m. mirabilis and is endangered. Occurring in a restricted range but of uncertain validity is Scott’s seaside sparrow(30), (A. m. peninsulae). The small isolated population that near Corpus Christi, Texas, south to the Rio Grande and sennetti subspecies may also have risk to endangered, those were formerly considered a separate species.

Adults have brownish upperparts with gray on the crown and nape, and a grayish-buff-colored breast with dark (31)streaks. They have a dark face with gray cheeks, a white throat, and a short, pointed tail. Birds show a small yellow streak just above the eye.(32) A typical seaside sparrow lifespan in 8 to 9 years of maximum. The oldest record of seaside sparrow was an individual male which was at least 10 years old when recaptured and re-released during the(33) mixed operations in South Carolina.

(sea side sparrow questions 22-33)

[1]The Seaside Sparrow is restricted to the Gulf- and Atlantic-coasts of North America, breeding north to Massachusetts.[2] The Sharp-tailed Sparrow breeds south to North Carolina.[3] The overlap of the breeding ranges of the two species is therefore small. [4](23)Furthermore the forms breeding in the coastal states are restricted to tidal marshes, and the geographically peripheral colonies of each species are small.[5] Irregular nesting is the case for the northernmost colonies of the Seaside Sparrow, on Cape Cod (Griscom, 1944:317), and the same is probably true for the colonies of the Sharp-tailed Sparrow on Pea Island, North Carolina, as indicated by Montagna’s failure to locate any breeding birds in July, 1941 (Montagna, 1942b: 256). The center of overlap of the ranges of the two species(24) is in New Jersey where (25)either forms are abundant or can best be studied comparatively.

(26)Their breeding habitat is salt marshes on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from southern New Hampshire to southern Texas. The nest is an open cup usually built in the salt marsh on tidal reeds and spartina grasses. Females lay two to five eggs. Northern birds most often migrate farther south along the eastern coast of the (27)United States. They forage on the ground or in marsh vegetation, sometimes probing in mud.

 They mainly eat insects, marine invertebrates and seeds.

 (28)Their feeding areas are often some distance away from the areas they choose to nest. The song is a raspy buzz that closely resembles a distant red-winged blackbird.

(29)specifically, the dusky seaside sparrow (A. m. nigrescens), has recently become extinct, and the Cape Sable subspecies, (30)A.m. mirabilis and is endangered. Occurring in a restricted range but of uncertain validity is Scott’s seaside sparrow(30), (A. m. peninsulae). The small isolated population that near Corpus Christi, Texas, south to the Rio Grande and sennetti subspecies may also have risk to endangered, those were formerly considered a separate species.

Adults have brownish upperparts with gray on the crown and nape, and a grayish-buff-colored breast with dark (31)streaks. They have a dark face with gray cheeks, a white throat, and a short, pointed tail. Birds show a small yellow streak just above the eye.(32) A typical seaside sparrow lifespan in 8 to 9 years of maximum. The oldest record of seaside sparrow was an individual male which was at least 10 years old when recaptured and re-released during the(33) mixed operations in South Carolina.

The world in Time

(34)In the last fifty years there has been much very fine and interesting speculation on the part of scientific men upon the age and origin of our earth. Here we cannot pretend to give even a summary of such speculations because they involve the most(35) suitable mathematical and physical considerations. The truth is that the physical and astronomical sciences are still too undeveloped as yet to make anything of the sort more than an(36) illustrative guesswork. The general tendency has been to make the estimated age of our globe longer and longer. It now seems probable that the earth has had an independent existence as a spinning planet flying round and round the sun for a longer period than 2,000,000,000 years. It may have been much longer than that. This is a length of time that absolutely overpowers the imagination.

Before that vast period of separate existence, the sun and earth and the other planets that circulate round the sun may have been a great (37)twist of diffused matter in space. (38) The telescope reveals to us in various parts of the heavens luminous spiral clouds of matter, the spiral nebulæ, which appear to be in rotation about a centre. It is supposed by many astronomers that the sun and its planets were once such a spiral, and that their matter has undergone concentration into its present form. Through majestic æons that concentration went on until in that vast remoteness of the past for which we have given figures, the world and its moon were distinguishable. (39)

[1]The vapours in the sky would rain down and become less dense overhead. [2]It turned to  great slaggy cakes of solidifying rock that would appear upon the surface of the molten sea, and sink under it, to be replaced by other floating masses. [3]The sun and moon growing now each more distant and each smaller, would rush with diminishing swiftness across the heavens. [4]The moon now, because of its smaller size, would be already cooled far below incandescence, and would be alternately obstructing and reflecting the sunlight in a series of eclipses and full moons.[5] Slowly by degrees as one million of years followed another, this fiery scene would lose its eruptive incandescence(40)

(41)Moreover, while moving slowly, the earth would grow more and more like the earth on which we live, until at last an age would come when, in the cooling air, steam would begin to condense into clouds, and the first rain would fall hissing upon the first rocks below. For endless millenia the greater part of the earth’s water would still be vaporized in the atmosphere, but there would now be hot streams running over the crystallizing rocks below and pools and lakes into which these streams would be carrying detritus and depositing sediment.

(42)However, a condition of things must have been attained in which a man might have stood up on earth and looked about him and lived. If we could have visited the earth at that time, we should have stood on great lava-like masses of rock without a trace of soil or touch of living vegetation, (43) under a storm-rent sky. Hot and violent winds, exceeding the fiercest tornado that ever blows, and downpours of rain such as our milder, slower earth to-day knows nothing of, might have assailed us. The water of the downpour would have rushed by us, muddy with the spoils of the rocks, coming together into torrents, cutting deep gorges and canyons as they hurried past to (44) introduce their sediment in the earliest seas. Through the clouds we should have glimpsed a great sun moving visibly across the sky, and in its wake and in the wake of the moon would have come a diurnal tide of earthquake and upheaval. 

The world in Time

(34)In the last fifty years there has been much very fine and interesting speculation on the part of scientific men upon the age and origin of our earth. Here we cannot pretend to give even a summary of such speculations because they involve the most(35) suitable mathematical and physical considerations. The truth is that the physical and astronomical sciences are still too undeveloped as yet to make anything of the sort more than an(36) illustrative guesswork. The general tendency has been to make the estimated age of our globe longer and longer. It now seems probable that the earth has had an independent existence as a spinning planet flying round and round the sun for a longer period than 2,000,000,000 years. It may have been much longer than that. This is a length of time that absolutely overpowers the imagination.

Before that vast period of separate existence, the sun and earth and the other planets that circulate round the sun may have been a great (37)twist of diffused matter in space. (38) The telescope reveals to us in various parts of the heavens luminous spiral clouds of matter, the spiral nebulæ, which appear to be in rotation about a centre. It is supposed by many astronomers that the sun and its planets were once such a spiral, and that their matter has undergone concentration into its present form. Through majestic æons that concentration went on until in that vast remoteness of the past for which we have given figures, the world and its moon were distinguishable. (39)

[1]The vapours in the sky would rain down and become less dense overhead. [2]It turned to  great slaggy cakes of solidifying rock that would appear upon the surface of the molten sea, and sink under it, to be replaced by other floating masses. [3]The sun and moon growing now each more distant and each smaller, would rush with diminishing swiftness across the heavens. [4]The moon now, because of its smaller size, would be already cooled far below incandescence, and would be alternately obstructing and reflecting the sunlight in a series of eclipses and full moons.[5] Slowly by degrees as one million of years followed another, this fiery scene would lose its eruptive incandescence(40)

(41)Moreover, while moving slowly, the earth would grow more and more like the earth on which we live, until at last an age would come when, in the cooling air, steam would begin to condense into clouds, and the first rain would fall hissing upon the first rocks below. For endless millenia the greater part of the earth’s water would still be vaporized in the atmosphere, but there would now be hot streams running over the crystallizing rocks below and pools and lakes into which these streams would be carrying detritus and depositing sediment.

(42)However, a condition of things must have been attained in which a man might have stood up on earth and looked about him and lived. If we could have visited the earth at that time, we should have stood on great lava-like masses of rock without a trace of soil or touch of living vegetation, (43) under a storm-rent sky. Hot and violent winds, exceeding the fiercest tornado that ever blows, and downpours of rain such as our milder, slower earth to-day knows nothing of, might have assailed us. The water of the downpour would have rushed by us, muddy with the spoils of the rocks, coming together into torrents, cutting deep gorges and canyons as they hurried past to (44) introduce their sediment in the earliest seas. Through the clouds we should have glimpsed a great sun moving visibly across the sky, and in its wake and in the wake of the moon would have come a diurnal tide of earthquake and upheaval. 

The world in Time

(34)In the last fifty years there has been much very fine and interesting speculation on the part of scientific men upon the age and origin of our earth. Here we cannot pretend to give even a summary of such speculations because they involve the most(35) suitable mathematical and physical considerations. The truth is that the physical and astronomical sciences are still too undeveloped as yet to make anything of the sort more than an(36) illustrative guesswork. The general tendency has been to make the estimated age of our globe longer and longer. It now seems probable that the earth has had an independent existence as a spinning planet flying round and round the sun for a longer period than 2,000,000,000 years. It may have been much longer than that. This is a length of time that absolutely overpowers the imagination.

Before that vast period of separate existence, the sun and earth and the other planets that circulate round the sun may have been a great (37)twist of diffused matter in space. (38) The telescope reveals to us in various parts of the heavens luminous spiral clouds of matter, the spiral nebulæ, which appear to be in rotation about a centre. It is supposed by many astronomers that the sun and its planets were once such a spiral, and that their matter has undergone concentration into its present form. Through majestic æons that concentration went on until in that vast remoteness of the past for which we have given figures, the world and its moon were distinguishable. (39)

[1]The vapours in the sky would rain down and become less dense overhead. [2]It turned to  great slaggy cakes of solidifying rock that would appear upon the surface of the molten sea, and sink under it, to be replaced by other floating masses. [3]The sun and moon growing now each more distant and each smaller, would rush with diminishing swiftness across the heavens. [4]The moon now, because of its smaller size, would be already cooled far below incandescence, and would be alternately obstructing and reflecting the sunlight in a series of eclipses and full moons.[5] Slowly by degrees as one million of years followed another, this fiery scene would lose its eruptive incandescence(40)

(41)Moreover, while moving slowly, the earth would grow more and more like the earth on which we live, until at last an age would come when, in the cooling air, steam would begin to condense into clouds, and the first rain would fall hissing upon the first rocks below. For endless millenia the greater part of the earth’s water would still be vaporized in the atmosphere, but there would now be hot streams running over the crystallizing rocks below and pools and lakes into which these streams would be carrying detritus and depositing sediment.

(42)However, a condition of things must have been attained in which a man might have stood up on earth and looked about him and lived. If we could have visited the earth at that time, we should have stood on great lava-like masses of rock without a trace of soil or touch of living vegetation, (43) under a storm-rent sky. Hot and violent winds, exceeding the fiercest tornado that ever blows, and downpours of rain such as our milder, slower earth to-day knows nothing of, might have assailed us. The water of the downpour would have rushed by us, muddy with the spoils of the rocks, coming together into torrents, cutting deep gorges and canyons as they hurried past to (44) introduce their sediment in the earliest seas. Through the clouds we should have glimpsed a great sun moving visibly across the sky, and in its wake and in the wake of the moon would have come a diurnal tide of earthquake and upheaval. 

The world in Time

(34)In the last fifty years there has been much very fine and interesting speculation on the part of scientific men upon the age and origin of our earth. Here we cannot pretend to give even a summary of such speculations because they involve the most(35) suitable mathematical and physical considerations. The truth is that the physical and astronomical sciences are still too undeveloped as yet to make anything of the sort more than an(36) illustrative guesswork. The general tendency has been to make the estimated age of our globe longer and longer. It now seems probable that the earth has had an independent existence as a spinning planet flying round and round the sun for a longer period than 2,000,000,000 years. It may have been much longer than that. This is a length of time that absolutely overpowers the imagination.

Before that vast period of separate existence, the sun and earth and the other planets that circulate round the sun may have been a great (37)twist of diffused matter in space. (38) The telescope reveals to us in various parts of the heavens luminous spiral clouds of matter, the spiral nebulæ, which appear to be in rotation about a centre. It is supposed by many astronomers that the sun and its planets were once such a spiral, and that their matter has undergone concentration into its present form. Through majestic æons that concentration went on until in that vast remoteness of the past for which we have given figures, the world and its moon were distinguishable. (39)

[1]The vapours in the sky would rain down and become less dense overhead. [2]It turned to  great slaggy cakes of solidifying rock that would appear upon the surface of the molten sea, and sink under it, to be replaced by other floating masses. [3]The sun and moon growing now each more distant and each smaller, would rush with diminishing swiftness across the heavens. [4]The moon now, because of its smaller size, would be already cooled far below incandescence, and would be alternately obstructing and reflecting the sunlight in a series of eclipses and full moons.[5] Slowly by degrees as one million of years followed another, this fiery scene would lose its eruptive incandescence(40)

(41)Moreover, while moving slowly, the earth would grow more and more like the earth on which we live, until at last an age would come when, in the cooling air, steam would begin to condense into clouds, and the first rain would fall hissing upon the first rocks below. For endless millenia the greater part of the earth’s water would still be vaporized in the atmosphere, but there would now be hot streams running over the crystallizing rocks below and pools and lakes into which these streams would be carrying detritus and depositing sediment.

(42)However, a condition of things must have been attained in which a man might have stood up on earth and looked about him and lived. If we could have visited the earth at that time, we should have stood on great lava-like masses of rock without a trace of soil or touch of living vegetation, (43) under a storm-rent sky. Hot and violent winds, exceeding the fiercest tornado that ever blows, and downpours of rain such as our milder, slower earth to-day knows nothing of, might have assailed us. The water of the downpour would have rushed by us, muddy with the spoils of the rocks, coming together into torrents, cutting deep gorges and canyons as they hurried past to (44) introduce their sediment in the earliest seas. Through the clouds we should have glimpsed a great sun moving visibly across the sky, and in its wake and in the wake of the moon would have come a diurnal tide of earthquake and upheaval. 

The world in Time

(34)In the last fifty years there has been much very fine and interesting speculation on the part of scientific men upon the age and origin of our earth. Here we cannot pretend to give even a summary of such speculations because they involve the most(35) suitable mathematical and physical considerations. The truth is that the physical and astronomical sciences are still too undeveloped as yet to make anything of the sort more than an(36) illustrative guesswork. The general tendency has been to make the estimated age of our globe longer and longer. It now seems probable that the earth has had an independent existence as a spinning planet flying round and round the sun for a longer period than 2,000,000,000 years. It may have been much longer than that. This is a length of time that absolutely overpowers the imagination.

Before that vast period of separate existence, the sun and earth and the other planets that circulate round the sun may have been a great (37)twist of diffused matter in space. (38) The telescope reveals to us in various parts of the heavens luminous spiral clouds of matter, the spiral nebulæ, which appear to be in rotation about a centre. It is supposed by many astronomers that the sun and its planets were once such a spiral, and that their matter has undergone concentration into its present form. Through majestic æons that concentration went on until in that vast remoteness of the past for which we have given figures, the world and its moon were distinguishable. (39)

[1]The vapours in the sky would rain down and become less dense overhead. [2]It turned to  great slaggy cakes of solidifying rock that would appear upon the surface of the molten sea, and sink under it, to be replaced by other floating masses. [3]The sun and moon growing now each more distant and each smaller, would rush with diminishing swiftness across the heavens. [4]The moon now, because of its smaller size, would be already cooled far below incandescence, and would be alternately obstructing and reflecting the sunlight in a series of eclipses and full moons.[5] Slowly by degrees as one million of years followed another, this fiery scene would lose its eruptive incandescence(40)

(41)Moreover, while moving slowly, the earth would grow more and more like the earth on which we live, until at last an age would come when, in the cooling air, steam would begin to condense into clouds, and the first rain would fall hissing upon the first rocks below. For endless millenia the greater part of the earth’s water would still be vaporized in the atmosphere, but there would now be hot streams running over the crystallizing rocks below and pools and lakes into which these streams would be carrying detritus and depositing sediment.

(42)However, a condition of things must have been attained in which a man might have stood up on earth and looked about him and lived. If we could have visited the earth at that time, we should have stood on great lava-like masses of rock without a trace of soil or touch of living vegetation, (43) under a storm-rent sky. Hot and violent winds, exceeding the fiercest tornado that ever blows, and downpours of rain such as our milder, slower earth to-day knows nothing of, might have assailed us. The water of the downpour would have rushed by us, muddy with the spoils of the rocks, coming together into torrents, cutting deep gorges and canyons as they hurried past to (44) introduce their sediment in the earliest seas. Through the clouds we should have glimpsed a great sun moving visibly across the sky, and in its wake and in the wake of the moon would have come a diurnal tide of earthquake and upheaval. 

The world in Time

(34)In the last fifty years there has been much very fine and interesting speculation on the part of scientific men upon the age and origin of our earth. Here we cannot pretend to give even a summary of such speculations because they involve the most(35) suitable mathematical and physical considerations. The truth is that the physical and astronomical sciences are still too undeveloped as yet to make anything of the sort more than an(36) illustrative guesswork. The general tendency has been to make the estimated age of our globe longer and longer. It now seems probable that the earth has had an independent existence as a spinning planet flying round and round the sun for a longer period than 2,000,000,000 years. It may have been much longer than that. This is a length of time that absolutely overpowers the imagination.

Before that vast period of separate existence, the sun and earth and the other planets that circulate round the sun may have been a great (37)twist of diffused matter in space. (38) The telescope reveals to us in various parts of the heavens luminous spiral clouds of matter, the spiral nebulæ, which appear to be in rotation about a centre. It is supposed by many astronomers that the sun and its planets were once such a spiral, and that their matter has undergone concentration into its present form. Through majestic æons that concentration went on until in that vast remoteness of the past for which we have given figures, the world and its moon were distinguishable. (39)

[1]The vapours in the sky would rain down and become less dense overhead. [2]It turned to  great slaggy cakes of solidifying rock that would appear upon the surface of the molten sea, and sink under it, to be replaced by other floating masses. [3]The sun and moon growing now each more distant and each smaller, would rush with diminishing swiftness across the heavens. [4]The moon now, because of its smaller size, would be already cooled far below incandescence, and would be alternately obstructing and reflecting the sunlight in a series of eclipses and full moons.[5] Slowly by degrees as one million of years followed another, this fiery scene would lose its eruptive incandescence(40)

(41)Moreover, while moving slowly, the earth would grow more and more like the earth on which we live, until at last an age would come when, in the cooling air, steam would begin to condense into clouds, and the first rain would fall hissing upon the first rocks below. For endless millenia the greater part of the earth’s water would still be vaporized in the atmosphere, but there would now be hot streams running over the crystallizing rocks below and pools and lakes into which these streams would be carrying detritus and depositing sediment.

(42)However, a condition of things must have been attained in which a man might have stood up on earth and looked about him and lived. If we could have visited the earth at that time, we should have stood on great lava-like masses of rock without a trace of soil or touch of living vegetation, (43) under a storm-rent sky. Hot and violent winds, exceeding the fiercest tornado that ever blows, and downpours of rain such as our milder, slower earth to-day knows nothing of, might have assailed us. The water of the downpour would have rushed by us, muddy with the spoils of the rocks, coming together into torrents, cutting deep gorges and canyons as they hurried past to (44) introduce their sediment in the earliest seas. Through the clouds we should have glimpsed a great sun moving visibly across the sky, and in its wake and in the wake of the moon would have come a diurnal tide of earthquake and upheaval. 

The world in Time

(34)In the last fifty years there has been much very fine and interesting speculation on the part of scientific men upon the age and origin of our earth. Here we cannot pretend to give even a summary of such speculations because they involve the most(35) suitable mathematical and physical considerations. The truth is that the physical and astronomical sciences are still too undeveloped as yet to make anything of the sort more than an(36) illustrative guesswork. The general tendency has been to make the estimated age of our globe longer and longer. It now seems probable that the earth has had an independent existence as a spinning planet flying round and round the sun for a longer period than 2,000,000,000 years. It may have been much longer than that. This is a length of time that absolutely overpowers the imagination.

Before that vast period of separate existence, the sun and earth and the other planets that circulate round the sun may have been a great (37)twist of diffused matter in space. (38) The telescope reveals to us in various parts of the heavens luminous spiral clouds of matter, the spiral nebulæ, which appear to be in rotation about a centre. It is supposed by many astronomers that the sun and its planets were once such a spiral, and that their matter has undergone concentration into its present form. Through majestic æons that concentration went on until in that vast remoteness of the past for which we have given figures, the world and its moon were distinguishable. (39)

[1]The vapours in the sky would rain down and become less dense overhead. [2]It turned to  great slaggy cakes of solidifying rock that would appear upon the surface of the molten sea, and sink under it, to be replaced by other floating masses. [3]The sun and moon growing now each more distant and each smaller, would rush with diminishing swiftness across the heavens. [4]The moon now, because of its smaller size, would be already cooled far below incandescence, and would be alternately obstructing and reflecting the sunlight in a series of eclipses and full moons.[5] Slowly by degrees as one million of years followed another, this fiery scene would lose its eruptive incandescence(40)

(41)Moreover, while moving slowly, the earth would grow more and more like the earth on which we live, until at last an age would come when, in the cooling air, steam would begin to condense into clouds, and the first rain would fall hissing upon the first rocks below. For endless millenia the greater part of the earth’s water would still be vaporized in the atmosphere, but there would now be hot streams running over the crystallizing rocks below and pools and lakes into which these streams would be carrying detritus and depositing sediment.

(42)However, a condition of things must have been attained in which a man might have stood up on earth and looked about him and lived. If we could have visited the earth at that time, we should have stood on great lava-like masses of rock without a trace of soil or touch of living vegetation, (43) under a storm-rent sky. Hot and violent winds, exceeding the fiercest tornado that ever blows, and downpours of rain such as our milder, slower earth to-day knows nothing of, might have assailed us. The water of the downpour would have rushed by us, muddy with the spoils of the rocks, coming together into torrents, cutting deep gorges and canyons as they hurried past to (44) introduce their sediment in the earliest seas. Through the clouds we should have glimpsed a great sun moving visibly across the sky, and in its wake and in the wake of the moon would have come a diurnal tide of earthquake and upheaval. 

The world in Time

(34)In the last fifty years there has been much very fine and interesting speculation on the part of scientific men upon the age and origin of our earth. Here we cannot pretend to give even a summary of such speculations because they involve the most(35) suitable mathematical and physical considerations. The truth is that the physical and astronomical sciences are still too undeveloped as yet to make anything of the sort more than an(36) illustrative guesswork. The general tendency has been to make the estimated age of our globe longer and longer. It now seems probable that the earth has had an independent existence as a spinning planet flying round and round the sun for a longer period than 2,000,000,000 years. It may have been much longer than that. This is a length of time that absolutely overpowers the imagination.

Before that vast period of separate existence, the sun and earth and the other planets that circulate round the sun may have been a great (37)twist of diffused matter in space. (38) The telescope reveals to us in various parts of the heavens luminous spiral clouds of matter, the spiral nebulæ, which appear to be in rotation about a centre. It is supposed by many astronomers that the sun and its planets were once such a spiral, and that their matter has undergone concentration into its present form. Through majestic æons that concentration went on until in that vast remoteness of the past for which we have given figures, the world and its moon were distinguishable. (39)

[1]The vapours in the sky would rain down and become less dense overhead. [2]It turned to  great slaggy cakes of solidifying rock that would appear upon the surface of the molten sea, and sink under it, to be replaced by other floating masses. [3]The sun and moon growing now each more distant and each smaller, would rush with diminishing swiftness across the heavens. [4]The moon now, because of its smaller size, would be already cooled far below incandescence, and would be alternately obstructing and reflecting the sunlight in a series of eclipses and full moons.[5] Slowly by degrees as one million of years followed another, this fiery scene would lose its eruptive incandescence(40)

(41)Moreover, while moving slowly, the earth would grow more and more like the earth on which we live, until at last an age would come when, in the cooling air, steam would begin to condense into clouds, and the first rain would fall hissing upon the first rocks below. For endless millenia the greater part of the earth’s water would still be vaporized in the atmosphere, but there would now be hot streams running over the crystallizing rocks below and pools and lakes into which these streams would be carrying detritus and depositing sediment.

(42)However, a condition of things must have been attained in which a man might have stood up on earth and looked about him and lived. If we could have visited the earth at that time, we should have stood on great lava-like masses of rock without a trace of soil or touch of living vegetation, (43) under a storm-rent sky. Hot and violent winds, exceeding the fiercest tornado that ever blows, and downpours of rain such as our milder, slower earth to-day knows nothing of, might have assailed us. The water of the downpour would have rushed by us, muddy with the spoils of the rocks, coming together into torrents, cutting deep gorges and canyons as they hurried past to (44) introduce their sediment in the earliest seas. Through the clouds we should have glimpsed a great sun moving visibly across the sky, and in its wake and in the wake of the moon would have come a diurnal tide of earthquake and upheaval. 

The world in Time

(34)In the last fifty years there has been much very fine and interesting speculation on the part of scientific men upon the age and origin of our earth. Here we cannot pretend to give even a summary of such speculations because they involve the most(35) suitable mathematical and physical considerations. The truth is that the physical and astronomical sciences are still too undeveloped as yet to make anything of the sort more than an(36) illustrative guesswork. The general tendency has been to make the estimated age of our globe longer and longer. It now seems probable that the earth has had an independent existence as a spinning planet flying round and round the sun for a longer period than 2,000,000,000 years. It may have been much longer than that. This is a length of time that absolutely overpowers the imagination.

Before that vast period of separate existence, the sun and earth and the other planets that circulate round the sun may have been a great (37)twist of diffused matter in space. (38) The telescope reveals to us in various parts of the heavens luminous spiral clouds of matter, the spiral nebulæ, which appear to be in rotation about a centre. It is supposed by many astronomers that the sun and its planets were once such a spiral, and that their matter has undergone concentration into its present form. Through majestic æons that concentration went on until in that vast remoteness of the past for which we have given figures, the world and its moon were distinguishable. (39)

[1]The vapours in the sky would rain down and become less dense overhead. [2]It turned to  great slaggy cakes of solidifying rock that would appear upon the surface of the molten sea, and sink under it, to be replaced by other floating masses. [3]The sun and moon growing now each more distant and each smaller, would rush with diminishing swiftness across the heavens. [4]The moon now, because of its smaller size, would be already cooled far below incandescence, and would be alternately obstructing and reflecting the sunlight in a series of eclipses and full moons.[5] Slowly by degrees as one million of years followed another, this fiery scene would lose its eruptive incandescence(40)

(41)Moreover, while moving slowly, the earth would grow more and more like the earth on which we live, until at last an age would come when, in the cooling air, steam would begin to condense into clouds, and the first rain would fall hissing upon the first rocks below. For endless millenia the greater part of the earth’s water would still be vaporized in the atmosphere, but there would now be hot streams running over the crystallizing rocks below and pools and lakes into which these streams would be carrying detritus and depositing sediment.

(42)However, a condition of things must have been attained in which a man might have stood up on earth and looked about him and lived. If we could have visited the earth at that time, we should have stood on great lava-like masses of rock without a trace of soil or touch of living vegetation, (43) under a storm-rent sky. Hot and violent winds, exceeding the fiercest tornado that ever blows, and downpours of rain such as our milder, slower earth to-day knows nothing of, might have assailed us. The water of the downpour would have rushed by us, muddy with the spoils of the rocks, coming together into torrents, cutting deep gorges and canyons as they hurried past to (44) introduce their sediment in the earliest seas. Through the clouds we should have glimpsed a great sun moving visibly across the sky, and in its wake and in the wake of the moon would have come a diurnal tide of earthquake and upheaval. 

The world in Time

(34)In the last fifty years there has been much very fine and interesting speculation on the part of scientific men upon the age and origin of our earth. Here we cannot pretend to give even a summary of such speculations because they involve the most(35) suitable mathematical and physical considerations. The truth is that the physical and astronomical sciences are still too undeveloped as yet to make anything of the sort more than an(36) illustrative guesswork. The general tendency has been to make the estimated age of our globe longer and longer. It now seems probable that the earth has had an independent existence as a spinning planet flying round and round the sun for a longer period than 2,000,000,000 years. It may have been much longer than that. This is a length of time that absolutely overpowers the imagination.

Before that vast period of separate existence, the sun and earth and the other planets that circulate round the sun may have been a great (37)twist of diffused matter in space. (38) The telescope reveals to us in various parts of the heavens luminous spiral clouds of matter, the spiral nebulæ, which appear to be in rotation about a centre. It is supposed by many astronomers that the sun and its planets were once such a spiral, and that their matter has undergone concentration into its present form. Through majestic æons that concentration went on until in that vast remoteness of the past for which we have given figures, the world and its moon were distinguishable. (39)

[1]The vapours in the sky would rain down and become less dense overhead. [2]It turned to  great slaggy cakes of solidifying rock that would appear upon the surface of the molten sea, and sink under it, to be replaced by other floating masses. [3]The sun and moon growing now each more distant and each smaller, would rush with diminishing swiftness across the heavens. [4]The moon now, because of its smaller size, would be already cooled far below incandescence, and would be alternately obstructing and reflecting the sunlight in a series of eclipses and full moons.[5] Slowly by degrees as one million of years followed another, this fiery scene would lose its eruptive incandescence(40)

(41)Moreover, while moving slowly, the earth would grow more and more like the earth on which we live, until at last an age would come when, in the cooling air, steam would begin to condense into clouds, and the first rain would fall hissing upon the first rocks below. For endless millenia the greater part of the earth’s water would still be vaporized in the atmosphere, but there would now be hot streams running over the crystallizing rocks below and pools and lakes into which these streams would be carrying detritus and depositing sediment.

(42)However, a condition of things must have been attained in which a man might have stood up on earth and looked about him and lived. If we could have visited the earth at that time, we should have stood on great lava-like masses of rock without a trace of soil or touch of living vegetation, (43) under a storm-rent sky. Hot and violent winds, exceeding the fiercest tornado that ever blows, and downpours of rain such as our milder, slower earth to-day knows nothing of, might have assailed us. The water of the downpour would have rushed by us, muddy with the spoils of the rocks, coming together into torrents, cutting deep gorges and canyons as they hurried past to (44) introduce their sediment in the earliest seas. Through the clouds we should have glimpsed a great sun moving visibly across the sky, and in its wake and in the wake of the moon would have come a diurnal tide of earthquake and upheaval.